Electron Microscopy Methods for Phage-Based Study

Electron microscopy (EM) techniques play a vital role in virology research including phage discovery and their identification. The use of different staining protocols based on the concept of negative staining is one of the most important steps in the EM processing. This chapter will summarize the widely used EM protocols in phage research, their advantages, and limitations. Phage-based therapy, especially recently developed nanoparticle–phage conjugates, are expected to find clinical significance in the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemic. EM techniques are important to characterize these conjugates and we will also discuss the methods here.