Encapsulation and Structural Modifications of Biotherapeutics

Biotherapeutics, encompassing a broad spectrum of biological derived therapeutics such as proteins, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and nucleic acids, have revolutionized modern medicine with their high specificity and efficacy. This chapter begins by focusing on the impact of micro and nanotechnology on human health and, in that sense, in its contribution on the encapsulation and structural modifications of biological molecules, crucial strategies that enhance their stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, thereby overcoming inherent challenges such as degradation, self-aggregation, and immunogenicity. The most relevant encapsulation techniques, including biodegradable-polymeric micro and nanosystems, liposomes, extracellular vesicles, and polymeric micelles are explored, evidencing their roles in protecting biomolecules from mainly the enzymatic degradation and improving their pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, the chapter delves into the principal structural modifications, including chemical conjugation, PEGylation, glycosylation, and fusion protein technology. These modifications are pivotal for enhancing the therapeutic index, reducing immunogenicity, and prolonging half-life of the biomolecules. The synergy between encapsulation and structural modifications is emphasized, showcasing how these approaches can be integrated to develop next-generation biotherapeutics with superior clinical outcomes. Recent advancements in the field highlight practical applications and the translational potential of these technologies. Finally, by providing a comprehensive overview of current methodologies and their implications, this chapter aims to offer valuable insights into the strategic enhancement of biomolecules for improved therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes.