The immobilization of catalysts and enzymes (biocatalysts) on soluble and insoluble supports offers enhanced stability, recoverability, and recyclability of the catalysts/biocatalysts (singularly abbreviated (bio)catalysts) as well as the capacity for incorporating (bio)catalysts into continuous flow chemistry (CFC) systems. There are many approaches to (bio)catalyst immobilization, ranging from physical methods such as adsorption, entrapment, and encapsulation to cross-linking and covalent binding of (bio)catalysts to supports. Each approach offers pros and cons, and the selection of which method to use depends on the specific situation. The use of click chemistry is a desirable approach to covalently bind (bio)catalysts to supports as it offers high specificity and mild reaction conditions, resulting in a stable covalent attachment. However, several challenges are posed by this approach, such as contamination by residual copper catalyst (for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions), modification of the catalyst during immobilization (may alter the catalyst activity and selectivity), and limited dynamic reversibility. This chapter focuses on the types of catalysts that have been immobilized via click chemistry, as well as the class of click chemistry used. We hope that it will be helpful for practitioners of (bio)catalysis as well as engineers trying to understand this aspect of CFC systems, in seeing what has been tried, what works, and promising future directions in the field.

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Click Immobilization of (Bio)Catalysts in Batch and Continuous Flow Chemistry Systems

  • Ross D. Jansen-van Vuuren,
  • L. Jedlovčnik,
  • J. Cerkovnik

摘要

The immobilization of catalysts and enzymes (biocatalysts) on soluble and insoluble supports offers enhanced stability, recoverability, and recyclability of the catalysts/biocatalysts (singularly abbreviated (bio)catalysts) as well as the capacity for incorporating (bio)catalysts into continuous flow chemistry (CFC) systems. There are many approaches to (bio)catalyst immobilization, ranging from physical methods such as adsorption, entrapment, and encapsulation to cross-linking and covalent binding of (bio)catalysts to supports. Each approach offers pros and cons, and the selection of which method to use depends on the specific situation. The use of click chemistry is a desirable approach to covalently bind (bio)catalysts to supports as it offers high specificity and mild reaction conditions, resulting in a stable covalent attachment. However, several challenges are posed by this approach, such as contamination by residual copper catalyst (for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions), modification of the catalyst during immobilization (may alter the catalyst activity and selectivity), and limited dynamic reversibility. This chapter focuses on the types of catalysts that have been immobilized via click chemistry, as well as the class of click chemistry used. We hope that it will be helpful for practitioners of (bio)catalysis as well as engineers trying to understand this aspect of CFC systems, in seeing what has been tried, what works, and promising future directions in the field.