Ecosystem Disruption from Water and Soil Degradation

Water and soil systems in Southern Africa are increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change. These pressures reduce environmental quality and disturb the normal functioning of ecosystems. This chapter presents an integrated overview of the main causes, processes, and ecological effects of water and soil contamination in the region. It brings together evidence on key types of contaminants, including nutrients, agrochemicals, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and biological pathogens. The chapter discusses the sources, transport pathways, persistence, and interactions of these pollutants within connected land and water systems; how long they persist; and how they interact with one another. It further examines how contamination alters physical, chemical, and biological processes, resulting in biodiversity loss, disrupted nutrient cycling, reduced soil fertility, and weakened ecosystem services. Case studies from Southern Africa highlight the cumulative impacts of agriculture, mining, and urban development on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The chapter concludes by highlighting major monitoring challenges and need for integrated approaches to support sustainable land and water management in the region.