Mining-Derived Contaminants and Pathogens in Water and Soil: A Southern African Perspective

Mining remains a key driver of economic growth in Southern Africa while simultaneously contributing to environmental degradation and public health risks. Contamination of soil and water systems has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges in mining-impacted regions. This study provides a comprehensive review of both chemical and biological contaminants associated with mining activities. It examines their sources, environmental transport pathways, ecological impacts, and implications for human health. Particular attention is given to acid mine drainage, tailings effluents, and atmospheric dispersion of metal-contaminated particulates. These processes represent dominant pathways through which pollutants such as heavy metals, metalloids, nitrates, and emerging organic contaminants enter terrestrial and aquatic environments. Mining-disturbed ecosystems can also promote the persistence and proliferation of microbial pathogens, fungi, viruses, and parasitic organisms. This increases the risk of waterborne diseases and occupational health challenges in vulnerable communities. The study further explores microbial resistance and adaptation mechanisms that enable survival under extreme geochemical conditions. These responses help sustain essential ecosystem functions and present opportunities for innovative bioremediation strategies. Regional case studies from major mining zones across Southern Africa illustrate the spatial variability of contaminant dynamics, ecological responses, and remediation challenges. The review emphasises the close links between environmental degradation, socio-economic vulnerability, and public health risks in mining-dependent regions. It further evaluates contaminant fate and transport pathways in soil and water systems and identifies future directions for sustainable mining and integrated environmental management.