Water scarcity is an escalating global challenge driven by population growth, climate change, and unsustainable water management practices. Advanced wastewater treatment technologies for potable reuse have emerged as a viable solution to address this crisis, ensuring a sustainable and resilient water supply. This chapter explores cutting-edge treatment processes, with a primary focus on membrane-based technologies such as ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), and nanofiltration (NF). These systems effectively remove contaminants, ensuring the production of high-quality potable water. Complementary treatment methods, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), biological treatments, and thermal desalination, further enhance water purity and safety. Despite their efficacy, challenges such as membrane fouling, high energy demands, and concentrate disposal limit large-scale adoption. Emerging materials like nanomaterials and biochar, along with smart monitoring systems, offer promising avenues for improving efficiency and sustainability. Additionally, regulatory frameworks and public perception play crucial roles in the feasibility of potable reuse projects. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of technological advancements, challenges, and prospects in potable water reuse, contributing to the development of innovative and sustainable water treatment strategies.