Seasonal, interannual, and spatial variability of near-surface air temperature of the large area surrounding the Aegean Sea (34–42°N, 19–29°E) was investigated on the base of monthly and daily data taken from the NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis. Linear trend shows +0.39°C/decade warming of the region during the 1980–2020 period. Winter temperatures vary in a larger range (about 7°C) than in summer (about 4°C), and winter temperatures rise faster. Temperature over the land is rising much faster than over the sea and is over +0.5°С/decade in the northern part of Greece and Turkey. The energy spectrum of monthly temperature anomalies showed a peak at a period of 2.8 years that may be related to 1:4 super-harmonic of the 11-year solar cycle. But the results of wavelet transform show that this 2.8-year periodicity is nonstationary. Extreme climate events for the air temperature have been studied based on daily data. We focused on the determination of interannual changes in amplitude, frequency, and duration of positive and negative anomalous and extreme meteorological (air temperature) events in the Aegean Sea region, which was done in this region for the first time. Obtained results show that the amplitude, frequency, and duration of extreme events with positive temperature anomalies are increasing. The maximum rate of the amplitude of these extreme events increase is observed in the northwestern part of the investigated area, in the Ionian Sea and the Southern Aegean Sea.