Application of nanocarrier systems in cancer treatment has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which often lead to off-target toxicity and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Nanocarriers, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), lipid nanocapsules, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, archaeosomes, and more recently tocosomes, offer unique advantages in enhancing drug delivery and improving therapeutic efficacy. These systems enable targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability, minimizing systemic side effects while maximizing the therapeutic index. This chapter provides an in-depth review of various lipid-based nanocarriers, focusing on their physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and potential in cancer therapy. Emphasis is placed on the surface modifications of nanocarriers that enable active targeting of tumor cells, overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), and enhancing the intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Current advances in nanotechnology-based approaches for personalized medicine in oncology are also discussed, highlighting the translational challenges and future directions in the clinical application of nanocarriers for cancer treatment.