In the latter part of the twentieth century, shifts in global dietary patterns were noted, characterized by a substantial rise in sugar consumption. Elevated sugar intake has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, a well-established factor for specific types of cancer. The surge in sugar consumption is linked to disruptions in insulin-glucose regulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, all recognized contributors to elevated cancer risk. Several studies have specifically delved into the connection between sugar consumption and cancer risk, independently of its impact on obesity. This review comprehensively presents and evaluates the epidemiological evidence concerning the link between sugar intake and cancer risk in adults. Most studies included in our analysis did not discover significant associations between sugar consumption and cancer risk. However, it’s crucial to note that many of these studies had relatively short follow-up periods and were conducted in populations with low levels of sugar consumption. The significant association that was observed is primarily related to the high intake of sugary beverages and their impact on the risk of breast and prostate cancer.