Biomedical imaging has played a crucial role in advancing oncological research and diagnostics. Its primary aim is to enhance our understanding of tumor mechanisms and pathological pathways, as well as improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. There are two main categories of imaging modalities employed in cancer research: anatomical imaging and molecular imaging. Anatomical imaging encompasses various techniques, including computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods have a well-established history in oncology and focus on capturing phenotypic changes in tissue. This information is invaluable for identifying, distinguishing, and staging potential tumors, aiding clinicians in their evaluations. Molecular imaging includes positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), and optical imaging techniques. Molecular imaging’s primary purpose in cancer research is to uncover the effects that tumors and the tumor microenvironment (TME) exert on surrounding tissues, vasculature, and metabolism. By detecting and analyzing these effects, molecular imaging contributes to the diagnostic process, providing valuable insights for clinicians. This chapter examines both established and new innovative imaging modalities and discusses the innovations that have led to improved approaches to cancer study and diagnosis.