This chapter delves into the rich historical roots, complicated mechanisms, and promising future of botanical interventions in cancer treatment. By exploring traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, traditional Persian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and traditional Korean medicine, we uncover centuries-old wisdom that continues to shape modern healthcare practices. This chapter elucidates the diverse mechanisms through which plant-derived compounds combat cancer, ranging from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, to modulating signaling pathways and enhancing immune responses. Detailed discussions on lead compounds derived from plants, clinical trials, challenges, and future perspectives provide a comprehensive overview of the field. The integration of botanical therapies into cancer treatment represents a combination of ancient wisdom and cutting-edge science, offering personalized, effective, and holistic approaches to combat this complex disease.