Emerging Paradigms in Lung Cancer Treatment: Recent Breakthroughs and Innovation

Due to the development of new therapeutic techniques and combined procedures, there are many innovations in the treatment of lung cancer. Diagnosis through biomarkers and biopsy which includes electromagnetic navigatoonal bronchoscopy, virtual navigational bronchoscopy, and radial endobronchial ultrasound are done for accurate staging and treatment. Biomarkers provide accurate mutation detection and enable the targeted therapies. Chemotherapy are of several types, and depending upon the type of route, medication is taken. Oral chemotherapy has more chances of survival rate than intravenous chemotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy can reduce tumor size and has minimal side effects. Chemotherapy involves specific regimens or combination regimen therapies to enhance variability and drug efficiency. Immunotherapy proved to be the best treatment for lung cancer as it has long-lasting responses and an enhanced survival rate in both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Immunotherapy involves checkpoint inhibitors which mainly target PD-1 and PD-L1. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy involves modified T cells to create distinct antibodies that can detect and cling to antigens on cancerous cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is a potentially effective cancer treatment strategy. The application of nanoparticles in drug delivery systems offers specialized treatment strategies which include targeting specific tumor areas and increased medicine bioavailability. Two examples of advanced radiation therapies that enhance systemic treatments by incorporating precision-based techniques that enhance local control and reduce adverse effects are proton therapy and magnetic resonance-guided linear accelerator (MR-L).