MicroRNAs in the Immunopathology and Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Every year the incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is increasing. Despite various therapeutic approaches and development of new diagnostic techniques, NSCLC still has an extremely poor prognosis as the result of resistance of cancer cells to conventional therapy. Finding of new simple and minimally invasive diagnostic methods of NSCLC is an actual aim for practical medicine. Development and designing of new effective anticancer therapeutic schemas and strategies are necessary for the decrease of morbidity and mortality rate from NSCLC. MicroRNAs are a class of 18–31 nt small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), which are involved in all processes in human organism. MicroRNAs control pathomechanisms of transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells and regulate signaling pathways of immune defense escape. In this chapter we reviewed recent research literature regarding NSCLC diagnosis, prognosis for response on therapy, and new therapeutic approaches in a view of using microRNAs.