Agricultural residues including corn stover, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, cereal straws, oil palm biomass, and many others are often burned or left to decompose, releasing avoidable emissions and losing nutrients. Redirected to modern biorefineries, they become a renewable carbon feedstock for biofuels, biogas, chemicals, and biomaterials. This chapter quantifies regional residue supplies and finds that Asia, the Americas, Europe, and Africa together generate more than 3 billion dry tons of residues yearly. Life cycle assessments report up to 90% greenhouse gas savings compared with fossil routes, particularly when open-field burning is eliminated. Technical advances in pretreatment, engineered enzymes, co-fermentation, and thermochemical upgrading now enable high-yield multiproduct conversion. Policy instruments such as feed-in tariffs, biogas purchase guarantees, carbon credits, and sustainability certifications lower investment risk and accelerate deployment. Cooperative models for collection, densification, transport, and processing create employment for farmers, women, and rural youth. Upgraded roads, storage, and off-grid energy systems follow. By integrating job creation, income diversification, and infrastructure development with rigorous soil and carbon safeguards, agricultural residues can transform from low-value waste into the foundation of a circular, low-carbon bioeconomy. Future studies should integrate advanced process innovations with equity strategies to secure resilient rural livelihoods.