Manifestation of El Niño and La Niña Events in the Extreme Anomalies of Recreational Indicators in Crimea

The study considers manifestations of different types of El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) events in the frequency of extreme values of bioclimatic indicators of recreational attractiveness at 22 points of Crimea, including the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, using the ERA5 reanalysis hydrometeorological datasets for 1950–2020 and indices of climatic anomalies in the equatorial Pacific. Physiological equivalent temperature, the air stuffiness index, and the Hill wet wind cooling index have been calculated as bioclimatic indicators. The 5th and 95th percentiles of average daily anomalies of bioclimatic indices have been calculated for each month as criteria for extreme climate conditions. On this basis, the number of days above or below a given relative threshold is considered. Using the composite method, the manifestation features of global EN and LN events (taking into account two types of each of them) in the frequency of extreme bioclimatic conditions in Crimea are identified and the quantitative estimates of this manifestation are obtained. It is revealed that different types of EN and LN events are characterized by certain features of extreme regional manifestations, which can differ not only in magnitude, but also in a sign of anomalies. The results of the study are of great practical importance for sustainable development of the recreational complex in Crimea.