Abstract <p>To address issues such as low combustion efficiency, gas leakage, and environmental pollution in coke oven operation, this study established a multilevel collaborative exhaust measurement system covering vertical heating flue, sole flue, branch flues, and the main flue. This system was used to systematically analyze the exhaust gas composition (O₂, CO₂, and CO) at critical locations of a coke oven heated by blast furnace gas. By improving the high-temperature sampling technology for vertical heating flue, efficient and precise monitoring of exhaust composition was achieved. The test results indicate that there are issues such as incomplete combustion in some areas of the coke oven, leakage of the main wall of the regenerator chamber, and failure of equipment sealing. There are differences in the operating conditions between the machine side and the coke side (the coke side generally performs better than the machine side); although the total flue gas emission complies with the ultra-low emission requirements, multilevel analysis reveals potential heat loss and structural risks. Based on the measurement results, targeted improvement measures for the measurement techniques and optimization plans for the furnace operation were proposed. These provided data support and practical basis for the intelligent operation, fault diagnosis, and health management of the coke oven, and were of great value in promoting the energy-saving, carbon reduction, and efficient operation of the coke oven.</p>