Abstract <p>A critical analysis of V.K. Stepanov’s research on global trends in the development of public libraries is presented. The advantages of the publication’s source base and the widespread use of the statistical method, as well as methodological limitations of the work, controversial interpretations of data, and theoretical omissions related to a narrow understanding of library transformation are considered. The author of this article suggests alternative hypotheses explaining the dynamics of library networks not only in terms of digitalization but also in terms of economic, political, and socio-cultural factors. Special attention is paid to the new functions of libraries in the digital age: their role as centers of reliable information, keepers of cultural heritage, and platforms for social participation. In conclusion, the author substantiates the need to rethink theoretical approaches to the study of libraries, taking into account their transition from traditional models to multifunctional institutions.</p>