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<p>Microwave curing has emerged as a promising technology for the sustainable development of concrete products preparation. However, the microwave response mechanism of cements containing various mineral components remains poorly understood. This study investigates the electromagnetic response behavior and hydration kinetics of cement systems with varying tetracalcium ferroaluminate (C<sub>4</sub>AF) contents under microwave fields. These cement systems include white cement (PW), reference Portland cement (PI), and high-ferrite cement (HFC). Using multi-scale characterization techniques, including XRD, TG-DTG, FTIR, and <sup>27</sup>Al NMR, alongside electromagnetic parameter testing, the influence of C<sub>4</sub>AF on electromagnetic loss and hydration product evolution was systematically examined. Results show that, compared with their corresponding normally cured counterparts at the same age (8 h), the compressive strength of microwave-cured HFC increased by 131.98%, which is significantly higher than that of PI (50.42%) and PW (13.59%). Mechanistic analysis suggests that microwave curing enhances early hydration through a combination of accelerated thermal effects and composition-dependent hydration kinetics, particularly in C<sub>4</sub>AF-rich cement systems, leading to a modified AFt/AFm evolution and improved microstructural development. Notably, integrating the low-energy production of HFC with microwave curing overcomes the issue of insufficient early strength, offering a novel approach for low-carbon precast concrete. By establishing the correlation between C<sub>4</sub>AF mineral composition and microwave energy coupling efficiency, this study provides theoretical and technical support for designing high-microwave responsiveness, low-carbon cement through mineral composition regulation.</p>

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The regulating role of C4AF on the hydration and strength development of cement paste under energy-efficient microwave curing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Li Yu,
  • Yongjia He,
  • Linnu Lu,
  • Jie Ma

摘要

Microwave curing has emerged as a promising technology for the sustainable development of concrete products preparation. However, the microwave response mechanism of cements containing various mineral components remains poorly understood. This study investigates the electromagnetic response behavior and hydration kinetics of cement systems with varying tetracalcium ferroaluminate (C4AF) contents under microwave fields. These cement systems include white cement (PW), reference Portland cement (PI), and high-ferrite cement (HFC). Using multi-scale characterization techniques, including XRD, TG-DTG, FTIR, and 27Al NMR, alongside electromagnetic parameter testing, the influence of C4AF on electromagnetic loss and hydration product evolution was systematically examined. Results show that, compared with their corresponding normally cured counterparts at the same age (8 h), the compressive strength of microwave-cured HFC increased by 131.98%, which is significantly higher than that of PI (50.42%) and PW (13.59%). Mechanistic analysis suggests that microwave curing enhances early hydration through a combination of accelerated thermal effects and composition-dependent hydration kinetics, particularly in C4AF-rich cement systems, leading to a modified AFt/AFm evolution and improved microstructural development. Notably, integrating the low-energy production of HFC with microwave curing overcomes the issue of insufficient early strength, offering a novel approach for low-carbon precast concrete. By establishing the correlation between C4AF mineral composition and microwave energy coupling efficiency, this study provides theoretical and technical support for designing high-microwave responsiveness, low-carbon cement through mineral composition regulation.