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<p>We introduce a simplified, tubing-free static cell design that eliminates external reservoirs, enabling straightforward evaluation of extremely low capacity fade rates for flow battery electrolytes. These static cells demonstrate reduced standard deviations in measured overall fade rates in percent per day across experiments for a molecule with an extremely low fade rate, ((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2,6-diyl) bis-(oxy)) bis (propane-3,1-diyl)) bis (phosphonic acid)—2,6-DPPEAQ—when compared to traditional flow cells. We demonstrate the importance of temperature control, showing how its absence exacerbates variability in fade rate measurements on the order of the measured fade rate. These developments permit us, through regression analysis of constant current, constant-voltage cycling at varied current densities at pH 14, to present the first decoupled quantification of time- and cycling rate-based fade rates. We report a slight decrease in the overall capacity fade rate with increased cycling rate for 2,6-DPPEAQ and an effect of cycling rate for 4,4<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43581_2025_140_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="9" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="7" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\('\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>′</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-(9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl) dioxy) dibutyrate—2,6-DBEAQ—that is statistically indistinguishable from zero.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Evaluation of highly stable redox-active materials for aqueous organic redox flow batteries using static cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月23日

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  • Jordan D. Sosa,
  • Michael J. Aziz

摘要

We introduce a simplified, tubing-free static cell design that eliminates external reservoirs, enabling straightforward evaluation of extremely low capacity fade rates for flow battery electrolytes. These static cells demonstrate reduced standard deviations in measured overall fade rates in percent per day across experiments for a molecule with an extremely low fade rate, ((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2,6-diyl) bis-(oxy)) bis (propane-3,1-diyl)) bis (phosphonic acid)—2,6-DPPEAQ—when compared to traditional flow cells. We demonstrate the importance of temperature control, showing how its absence exacerbates variability in fade rate measurements on the order of the measured fade rate. These developments permit us, through regression analysis of constant current, constant-voltage cycling at varied current densities at pH 14, to present the first decoupled quantification of time- and cycling rate-based fade rates. We report a slight decrease in the overall capacity fade rate with increased cycling rate for 2,6-DPPEAQ and an effect of cycling rate for 4,4 \('\) ′ -(9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl) dioxy) dibutyrate—2,6-DBEAQ—that is statistically indistinguishable from zero.

Graphical abstract