A review on application of green materials in different construction systems, their processing, surface modification, testing and certification

Abstract

The growing construction activities are one of the largest consumers of natural resources and have significantly contributed to environmental deterioration. The gradual worsening of surroundings has compelled researchers and environmental organizations to look for subtle changes to restore environmental conditions. This has led to a resurgence of earlier used bio-derived building materials. Originating from locally available agricultural and forest resources, these materials ensure low production cost, minimal maintenance cost, reduced carbon emissions, sustainability and renewability. However, the development and life cycle of these green composites faces certain drawbacks and challenges, including structure maintenance, high initial cost, lack of skilled labour, extra clearances and approvals. The present study establishes the underpinning of green construction by categorizing (i) commonly used raw materials, followed by (ii) their installation. Then, it explores how (iii) surface modifications are done for the enhancement of their properties. Finally, addresses the importance of (iv) sustainability testing and region-wise green building rating tools. The study systematically examines existing literature and case studies to identify trends and best practices for the integration of green materials. The results underscore the importance of green materials in sustainable construction practices and offer insights into their integration into different construction systems.

Graphical abstract

Discussion

This section lists the key findings obtained by reviewing the vast landscape of green building material-related literature. Our observation unveiled a multitude of sustainable solutions, energy conservation and some pressing challenges to accepting green building materials.

A prominent pattern recognized was the incorporation of renewable and recyclable resources. This points towards the growing recognition of sustainable sources. However, the cost, performance variability, durability concerns and limited availability of the resources are still prominent gaps.

These gaps must be addressed by benchmarking the strength of green materials and collaborating with manufacturers, builders, policymakers and researchers.

Standardized and certification systems should be strengthened for policy recommendations and regulations for the upgradation and reliability of green materials.

Researchers, builders, consumers and policymakers should raise awareness by educating the readers about green building materials.

The cost-effectiveness, challenges to reliable supply chain and variations in regulatory frameworks and market incentives remain topics of debate.

Highlights

(1)

The review compares the mechanical strength of green material sourced from agricultural, earthen, industrial and municipal waste and applications in different construction systems.

(2)

A summary of green building tools and lab, field and service life testing methods were discussed to advocate reliability.

(3)

Some overarching gaps, such as high initial cost, performance variability and awareness issues, were discussed, as needed, for a holistic and realistic approach.

(4)

The review discusses possible ways to bridge disparities by providing a comprehensive and integrated framework for sustainable development, performance variability and policy regulation.