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<p>The illegal use of clenbuterol (CLB), a banned β-agonist in livestock intended for human consumption, underscores the urgent need for sensitive and sustainable detection strategies. In this work, we report the green synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), using HAuCl<sub>4</sub> as the precursor and <i>Sargassum spp</i>. extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the formation of hybrid material. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance at 530&#xa0;nm, consistent with AuNPs formation. XRD patterns evidenced the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure, and SEM micrographs showed a homogeneous distribution of AuNPs with an average size of 20–40&#xa0;nm onto the nanotube surfaces. The resulting AuNPs/MWCNTs exhibited excellent electrochemical performance for the indirect detection of clenbuterol, with micromolar sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. These findings underline the potential of marine biomass for sustainable nanomaterial synthesis and sensor development.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Gold nanoparticle-decorated MWCNTs via Sargassum extract for efficient clenbuterol sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • F. Mares-Briones,
  • I. Velázquez-Hernández,
  • A. Hernández-Palomares,
  • J. L. López-Miranda,
  • A. L. Rodríguez,
  • M. Estévez,
  • R. Esparza

摘要

The illegal use of clenbuterol (CLB), a banned β-agonist in livestock intended for human consumption, underscores the urgent need for sensitive and sustainable detection strategies. In this work, we report the green synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), using HAuCl4 as the precursor and Sargassum spp. extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the formation of hybrid material. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance at 530 nm, consistent with AuNPs formation. XRD patterns evidenced the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure, and SEM micrographs showed a homogeneous distribution of AuNPs with an average size of 20–40 nm onto the nanotube surfaces. The resulting AuNPs/MWCNTs exhibited excellent electrochemical performance for the indirect detection of clenbuterol, with micromolar sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. These findings underline the potential of marine biomass for sustainable nanomaterial synthesis and sensor development.

Graphical abstract