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<p>This study introduces a novel <i>ex</i> <i>vivo</i> approach to detect carbon nanosphere (CNS) accumulation in avian muscle tissue using electrical bioimpedance (BI). Three carbon-based materials were synthesized via a sol–gel method, exhibiting spherical morphology with particle sizes of 371 nm, 43 nm, and 143 nm, respectively, and nitrogen contents of 2, 4.2, and 8%. BI spectroscopy measurements, conducted using a Biopac system, revealed significant changes in tissue electrical parameters post-CNS injection, particularly with nitrogen-doped CNSs, which enhanced conductivity and altered membrane capacitance due to their smaller size and improved cellular retention. Data were analyzed using constant phase elements and Debye models, with the Debye model showing better fit, indicating CNS accumulation at cellular membranes. These findings suggest BI’s potential as a non-invasive method for detecting CNS accumulation, offering insights for developing CNS-based contrast agents for biomedical applications. Further validation is needed for clinical translation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Detecting carbon nanosphere accumulation in tissue using electrical bioimpedance: A novel ex vivo study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Svetlana Kashina,
  • Luis Alberto Perez Martinez,
  • Teodoro Cordova Fraga,
  • Francisco Miguel Vargas Luna,
  • Jose Marco Balleza Ordaz

摘要

This study introduces a novel ex vivo approach to detect carbon nanosphere (CNS) accumulation in avian muscle tissue using electrical bioimpedance (BI). Three carbon-based materials were synthesized via a sol–gel method, exhibiting spherical morphology with particle sizes of 371 nm, 43 nm, and 143 nm, respectively, and nitrogen contents of 2, 4.2, and 8%. BI spectroscopy measurements, conducted using a Biopac system, revealed significant changes in tissue electrical parameters post-CNS injection, particularly with nitrogen-doped CNSs, which enhanced conductivity and altered membrane capacitance due to their smaller size and improved cellular retention. Data were analyzed using constant phase elements and Debye models, with the Debye model showing better fit, indicating CNS accumulation at cellular membranes. These findings suggest BI’s potential as a non-invasive method for detecting CNS accumulation, offering insights for developing CNS-based contrast agents for biomedical applications. Further validation is needed for clinical translation.

Graphical abstract