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<p>Molar concentration of precursor solution plays a crucial role in governing the nucleation and growth kinetics during the synthesis of metal oxide. This work presents the results concerning the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles via the co-precipitation method. To investigate the influence of molar concentration (0.1, 0.5, 1.0&#xa0;M) on structural, optical characteristics of tin oxide by employing various innovative techniques. XRD pattern reveals that SnO<sub>2</sub> exhibits a polycrystallite tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P4<sub>2</sub>/<sub>mnm.</sub> We perceived that all peaks were present with enhanced intensity at higher molar concentrations. The crystallite size, lattice parameter, lattice strain, and cell volume increase with increasing molar concentration. SEM images expose an uneven distribution of agglomerated dense nanoparticles. AFM analysis shows cuboid-shaped particles with an average particle size of 70 to 83&#xa0;nm, and RMS roughness in the range of 0.280 to 0.290&#xa0;nm. The vibrational bonding characteristics of the samples were investigated by FTIR.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Molar concentration effect on structural/microstructural and optical characteristics of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Archana Verma

摘要

Molar concentration of precursor solution plays a crucial role in governing the nucleation and growth kinetics during the synthesis of metal oxide. This work presents the results concerning the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles via the co-precipitation method. To investigate the influence of molar concentration (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 M) on structural, optical characteristics of tin oxide by employing various innovative techniques. XRD pattern reveals that SnO2 exhibits a polycrystallite tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P42/mnm. We perceived that all peaks were present with enhanced intensity at higher molar concentrations. The crystallite size, lattice parameter, lattice strain, and cell volume increase with increasing molar concentration. SEM images expose an uneven distribution of agglomerated dense nanoparticles. AFM analysis shows cuboid-shaped particles with an average particle size of 70 to 83 nm, and RMS roughness in the range of 0.280 to 0.290 nm. The vibrational bonding characteristics of the samples were investigated by FTIR.

Graphical abstract