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<p>The effect of Joule heating on microstructure and microhardness in AISI 1045 steel subjected to intercritical annealing was studied. Specimens with ferrite–pearlite microstructure were annealed at 755&#xa0;°C using a Joule heating device, followed by rapid cooling. At the longest soaking time (1800s), a microhardness of 704 ± 18 HV was obtained, with a microstructure containing 79 ± 6% martensite. This result closely matches the phase fractions predicted by the Fe–C diagram and those achieved through conventional annealing followed by water quenching. Shorter and intermediate soaking times (1.8, 18, and 180 s) yielded lower martensite fractions (60 ± 12, 50 ± 14, and 45 ± 8, respectively) likely due to the localized and rapid heating characteristics of Joule heating. This study demonstrates that Joule heating can produce high-microhardness levels, while offering advantages in processing rate and potential applications in high-performance components such as automotive dowel pins.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Joule heating on microstructure during rapid intercritical annealing of AISI 1045 steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • José S. Ponciano-Reyes,
  • Octavio Vázquez-Gómez,
  • Martín Herrejón-Escutia,
  • Héctor J. Vergara-Hernández,
  • Gerardo M. Chavez-Campos,
  • Edgar López-Martínez

摘要

The effect of Joule heating on microstructure and microhardness in AISI 1045 steel subjected to intercritical annealing was studied. Specimens with ferrite–pearlite microstructure were annealed at 755 °C using a Joule heating device, followed by rapid cooling. At the longest soaking time (1800s), a microhardness of 704 ± 18 HV was obtained, with a microstructure containing 79 ± 6% martensite. This result closely matches the phase fractions predicted by the Fe–C diagram and those achieved through conventional annealing followed by water quenching. Shorter and intermediate soaking times (1.8, 18, and 180 s) yielded lower martensite fractions (60 ± 12, 50 ± 14, and 45 ± 8, respectively) likely due to the localized and rapid heating characteristics of Joule heating. This study demonstrates that Joule heating can produce high-microhardness levels, while offering advantages in processing rate and potential applications in high-performance components such as automotive dowel pins.

Graphical abstract