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<p>This study investigates the influence of process parameters on peak temperature (<i>P</i><sub><i>T</i></sub>) and thermal behavior during underwater self-shielded flux-cored arc welding of A36 steel. The calculated temperature distribution and measured parameters reveal that, although voltage (<i>V</i>) is nominally constant, fluctuations occur due to arc instability and water evaporation. Arc power ranged from 4080 to 5850&#xa0;Watts. <i>P</i><sub><i>T</i></sub> exceeded 1850&#xa0;°C, with cooling rates (<i>C</i><sub><i>R</i></sub>) and thermal cycles strongly dependent on linear heat input (<i>q</i><sub><i>l</i></sub>) and welding speed (<i>v</i>). Representative samples illustrate contrasting behavior: low <i>v</i> with high heat input produces slower cooling and prolonged cycles, while high <i>v</i> with lower heat input accelerates cooling. The <i>q</i><sub><i>l</i></sub> governs <i>C</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> and thermal cycle duration, while arc power mainly affects <i>P</i><sub><i>T</i></sub> and arc energy. Scanning electron microscopy showed faster cooling promotes martensite formation and higher hardness, demonstrating the correlation between <i>P</i><sub><i>T</i></sub>, <i>C</i><sub><i>R</i></sub>, and microstructural evolution.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Impact of process parameters on peak temperature in underwater FCAW-S welds of A36 steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Luis A. Guía-Hernández,
  • Rocío M. Ochoa-Palacios,
  • Gerardo Altamirano-Guerrero,
  • Patricia Sheilla Costa,
  • Perla J. Reséndiz-Hernández

摘要

This study investigates the influence of process parameters on peak temperature (PT) and thermal behavior during underwater self-shielded flux-cored arc welding of A36 steel. The calculated temperature distribution and measured parameters reveal that, although voltage (V) is nominally constant, fluctuations occur due to arc instability and water evaporation. Arc power ranged from 4080 to 5850 Watts. PT exceeded 1850 °C, with cooling rates (CR) and thermal cycles strongly dependent on linear heat input (ql) and welding speed (v). Representative samples illustrate contrasting behavior: low v with high heat input produces slower cooling and prolonged cycles, while high v with lower heat input accelerates cooling. The ql governs CR and thermal cycle duration, while arc power mainly affects PT and arc energy. Scanning electron microscopy showed faster cooling promotes martensite formation and higher hardness, demonstrating the correlation between PT, CR, and microstructural evolution.

Graphical abstract