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Abstract <p>Vanadium-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified sol–gel method to enhance photocatalytic efficiency for environmental remediation. This study examined the effect of varying vanadium concentrations on TiO<sub>2</sub>’s structural phases and photocatalytic performance. Characterization techniques (XRD, Raman, and FT-IR) showed that undoped TiO<sub>2</sub> consists of anatase and brookite phases. At low doping (2.5%), this biphasic structure was maintained, while moderate doping (5%) facilitated the formation of rutile, indicating an accelerated anatase-to-rutile transition. High doping (10%) led to surface vanadate species rather than lattice integration. Photocatalytic tests under UV light revealed that 5% V-TiO<sub>2</sub> achieved the highest degradation efficiency (95%), attributed to synergistic mixed phases and optimal doping. The 2.5% V-TiO<sub>2</sub> showed moderate activity (92%), whereas efficiency declined at 10% V due to charge recombination caused by the presence of surface vanadate. These results demonstrate that mixed-phase vanadium-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> is a promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation and solar-driven water treatment technologies. </p> Graphical abstract <p>Vanadium-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles synthesized by a modified sol–gel method show phase transformation and photocatalytic efficiency for environmental and energy applications.</p>

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Tailoring structural phases and photocatalytic activity of vanadium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by modified sol–gel technique

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Gloria I. Murila,
  • Maxwell J. Mageto,
  • Henry B. Wafula,
  • Francis M. Gaitho,
  • Bridget K. Mutuma

摘要

Abstract

Vanadium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified sol–gel method to enhance photocatalytic efficiency for environmental remediation. This study examined the effect of varying vanadium concentrations on TiO2’s structural phases and photocatalytic performance. Characterization techniques (XRD, Raman, and FT-IR) showed that undoped TiO2 consists of anatase and brookite phases. At low doping (2.5%), this biphasic structure was maintained, while moderate doping (5%) facilitated the formation of rutile, indicating an accelerated anatase-to-rutile transition. High doping (10%) led to surface vanadate species rather than lattice integration. Photocatalytic tests under UV light revealed that 5% V-TiO2 achieved the highest degradation efficiency (95%), attributed to synergistic mixed phases and optimal doping. The 2.5% V-TiO2 showed moderate activity (92%), whereas efficiency declined at 10% V due to charge recombination caused by the presence of surface vanadate. These results demonstrate that mixed-phase vanadium-doped TiO2 is a promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation and solar-driven water treatment technologies.

Graphical abstract

Vanadium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a modified sol–gel method show phase transformation and photocatalytic efficiency for environmental and energy applications.