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<p>Although zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known material for electron transport, its charge carrier mobility is constrained by hysteresis losses and reduced conductivity. We synthesized ZnO nanoparticles doped with 1–3 weight percent Ca via a sol–gel route, which are then used as the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. X-ray diffraction verified the efficient incorporation of Ca into these nanoparticles. According to optical analysis, the bandgap energy (Eg) decreased from 3.36 to 2.8&#xa0;eV as the Ca<sup>2+</sup> doping concentration increased. Ca doping improved the electronic structure of ZnO, resulting in a higher fill factor, current density, and efficiency. Doping with 1, 2, and 3&#xa0;wt% Ca led to efficiency increases of 5.968%, 6.88%, and 9.79%, respectively, demonstrating a significant performance improvement with our simple Ca-doping approach. In addition, doped ZnO also showed improvement in the antibacterial effect, which is essentially required for photoactive textiles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing charge transport and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide via Ca2+ doping as electron transport material in perovskite solar cells and waste water treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月18日

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  • Abdullah Maaz,
  • Ubaid Ullah,
  • Syed husnain Ali Shah,
  • Rabeea Farheen,
  • Ala Dahshan,
  • Zafar Arshad Khan

摘要

Although zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known material for electron transport, its charge carrier mobility is constrained by hysteresis losses and reduced conductivity. We synthesized ZnO nanoparticles doped with 1–3 weight percent Ca via a sol–gel route, which are then used as the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. X-ray diffraction verified the efficient incorporation of Ca into these nanoparticles. According to optical analysis, the bandgap energy (Eg) decreased from 3.36 to 2.8 eV as the Ca2+ doping concentration increased. Ca doping improved the electronic structure of ZnO, resulting in a higher fill factor, current density, and efficiency. Doping with 1, 2, and 3 wt% Ca led to efficiency increases of 5.968%, 6.88%, and 9.79%, respectively, demonstrating a significant performance improvement with our simple Ca-doping approach. In addition, doped ZnO also showed improvement in the antibacterial effect, which is essentially required for photoactive textiles.

Graphical abstract