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<p>This study explores structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> core–shell composites, where Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> serves as a magnetic core and TiO<sub>2</sub> as an external shell. Ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4) were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirmed Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>’s FCC phase of crystalline size of 13&#xa0;nm and saturation magnetization of 70.4&#xa0;emu/g and TiO<sub>2</sub>’s anatase phase. Core–shell structures exhibited both patterns Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, with TiO<sub>2</sub> intensity increasing with shell thickness. TEM revealed spherical core–shell structures (24–30&#xa0;nm). VSM showed decreasing saturation magnetization (42, 25, 9, 1.7&#xa0;emu/g) as TiO<sub>2</sub> thickened, while UV–Vis indicated bandgap energy typically decreases with increased shell thickness. These trends result from TiO<sub>2</sub>’s non-magnetic nature, reducing Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>’s magnetic influence. The enhanced visible light absorption and magnetic recoverability of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> suggest strong potential for efficient and reusable photocatalytic applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Fe3O4–TiO2 core/shell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月29日

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  • Maram A. Ahmed,
  • H. A. Elbushra,
  • N. Eassa,
  • Z. A. Talib

摘要

This study explores structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Fe3O4–TiO2 core–shell composites, where Fe3O4 serves as a magnetic core and TiO2 as an external shell. Ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4) were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirmed Fe3O4’s FCC phase of crystalline size of 13 nm and saturation magnetization of 70.4 emu/g and TiO2’s anatase phase. Core–shell structures exhibited both patterns Fe3O4 and TiO2, with TiO2 intensity increasing with shell thickness. TEM revealed spherical core–shell structures (24–30 nm). VSM showed decreasing saturation magnetization (42, 25, 9, 1.7 emu/g) as TiO2 thickened, while UV–Vis indicated bandgap energy typically decreases with increased shell thickness. These trends result from TiO2’s non-magnetic nature, reducing Fe3O4’s magnetic influence. The enhanced visible light absorption and magnetic recoverability of the Fe3O4–TiO2 suggest strong potential for efficient and reusable photocatalytic applications.

Graphical abstract