Effect of experimental conditions on the fabrication of SnO₂ thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

In this investigation, we explore the effects of spray time and deposition temperature on physical characteristics of thin oxide (SnO₂) thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. The resulting SnO₂ films are scrutinized using various analytical methods. The X-ray diffraction analyses reveal the presence of pure rutile SnO₂ phase, predominantly oriented along ⟨110⟩ direction, Raman spectroscopy confirms the typical vibrational modes of SnO₂ represented by the peak at 632 cm⁻¹, suggesting the formation of a single phase, the UV–visible spectrophotometry indicates the semiconductor properties of SnO₂, exhibiting band gap energies ranging from 3.54 to 3.24 eV, and the electrical measurements reveal high conductivity levels ranging from 9.52 to 40.81 mS/cm. Our findings suggest that SnO₂ deposition via cost-effective spray pyrolysis at 450 °C for 20 min yields optimized materials suitable for gas sensing applications.