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<p>This study demonstrated the structural, physicochemical, swelling, and degradation properties of porous vanillin-crosslinked chitosan. Porous chitosan scaffolds crosslinked with 10–20% w/v vanillin were prepared using salt leaching and freeze-drying. Imine bond formation was confirmed by FTIR and <sup>13</sup>C-NMR. Chitosan containing 20% vanillin exhibited the fastest gelation, which was further accelerated by NaCl. SEM revealed interconnected pores, with pore sizes increasing from ~ 70 to ~ 120&#xa0;μm after salt leaching. Vanillin crosslinking reduced water uptake, while salt-leached scaffolds showed enhanced swelling and faster degradation in PBS at 37°C.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Development of porous vanillin-crosslinked chitosan scaffolds using dual freeze-drying and salt-leaching techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Atiwat Wiriya-amornchai,
  • Manatchaya Atitwong,
  • Amornrat Lertworasirikul

摘要

This study demonstrated the structural, physicochemical, swelling, and degradation properties of porous vanillin-crosslinked chitosan. Porous chitosan scaffolds crosslinked with 10–20% w/v vanillin were prepared using salt leaching and freeze-drying. Imine bond formation was confirmed by FTIR and 13C-NMR. Chitosan containing 20% vanillin exhibited the fastest gelation, which was further accelerated by NaCl. SEM revealed interconnected pores, with pore sizes increasing from ~ 70 to ~ 120 μm after salt leaching. Vanillin crosslinking reduced water uptake, while salt-leached scaffolds showed enhanced swelling and faster degradation in PBS at 37°C.

Graphical abstract