Synergistic regulation of sintering temperature in calcium silicide-infused porcelain ceramic 3D printing for dephosphorization and deoxygenation

During ceramic shaping, trapped oxygen increases porosity and reacts with elements to form unwanted compounds, enlarging pores. Excess phosphorus forms lumps, enhancing porosity and reducing density, leading to defects like increased brittleness, strength reduction, and improper densification, necessitating higher sintering temperatures. This study introduces extrusion-based 3D printing of a hybrid porcelain ceramic mixture with calcium silicide to achieve dephosphorization and deoxygenation while maintaining controlled sintering temperatures. Results show phosphorus is effectively removed at 1100°C and above sintering temperatures, while oxygen-related defects are reduced. Although calcium silicide does not lower the sintering temperature, it significantly improves porcelain purity, contributing to better material properties. These findings pave the way for enhanced additive manufacturing techniques in ceramic production.