<p>Developing high-performance, lead-free piezoelectric ceramic is crucial for achieving global sustainability in electronic materials, particularly for harsh-environment sensing. Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric calcium bismuth titanate (CaBi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>), with its high Curie temperature <i>T</i><sub>C</sub> of 790&#xa0;℃, is a promising candidate. However, its widespread application is limited by inherently weak piezoelectric activity and energy-intensive conventional sintering process, which also causes bismuth volatilization. A synergistic strategy of manganese doping and microwave sintering (MS) was developed to fabricate CaBi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub> ceramics. The rapid MS process provides a green alternative, reducing energy and time. The optimized ceramic achieves a piezoelectric coefficient <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> of 24.4 pC/N, triple that of the pristine CaBi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>, while maintaining a high <i>T</i><sub>C</sub> of 784&#xa0;℃. It exhibits excellent thermal stability (&lt; 5% <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> variation up to 600&#xa0;℃) and a two-order-of-magnitude increase in high-temperature resistivity. This work demonstrates that combining defect engineering with rapid, low-carbon manufacturing enables environmentally benign, high-performance piezoelectrics for extreme environments.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable high-temperature piezoelectrics: Synergistic enhancement of CaBi4Ti4O15 ceramics via manganese doping and microwave sintering

  • Meng-Xue Wang,
  • Yi-Chao Song,
  • Fu-Zheng Xian,
  • Ying Liu,
  • Qian Wang,
  • Chun-Ming Wang

摘要

Developing high-performance, lead-free piezoelectric ceramic is crucial for achieving global sustainability in electronic materials, particularly for harsh-environment sensing. Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric calcium bismuth titanate (CaBi4Ti4O15), with its high Curie temperature TC of 790 ℃, is a promising candidate. However, its widespread application is limited by inherently weak piezoelectric activity and energy-intensive conventional sintering process, which also causes bismuth volatilization. A synergistic strategy of manganese doping and microwave sintering (MS) was developed to fabricate CaBi4Ti4O15 ceramics. The rapid MS process provides a green alternative, reducing energy and time. The optimized ceramic achieves a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 24.4 pC/N, triple that of the pristine CaBi4Ti4O15, while maintaining a high TC of 784 ℃. It exhibits excellent thermal stability (< 5% d33 variation up to 600 ℃) and a two-order-of-magnitude increase in high-temperature resistivity. This work demonstrates that combining defect engineering with rapid, low-carbon manufacturing enables environmentally benign, high-performance piezoelectrics for extreme environments.

Graphical abstract