<p>This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using hexagonal dysprosium manganite (DyMnO<sub>3</sub>) under visible-light irradiation (405&#xa0;nm). DyMnO<sub>3</sub> was synthesized via precipitation&#xa0;method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, revealing a bandgap of 2.5&#xa0;eV, suitable for visible-light photocatalysis. The photocatalyst achieved 88% dye degradation within 30&#xa0;min, following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99). Scavenger tests identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and holes (<i>h⁺</i>) as primary reactive species responsible for dye degradation. Additionally, immunological assays on fish and human cells demonstrated the biocompatibility of DyMnO<sub>3</sub>, maintaining cell viability above 89%. These results confirm that hexagonal DyMnO<sub>3</sub> is a highly effective visible-light photocatalyst for malachite green degradation, while preserving over 89% cell viability in both piscine and human immune cells. This underscores its suitability for environmentally safe remediation applications, where catalyst biocompatibility is essential to protect aquatic ecosystems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hexagonal DyMnO3 for malachite green degradation: From environmental remediation to immunological impact

  • Jazmín Guadalupe Silva-Galindo,
  • Martha Reyes-Becerril,
  • Miguel Ángel López-Álvarez,
  • Adriana Macaria Macías-Lamas,
  • Carlos Angulo,
  • Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza,
  • Carlos Arnulfo Velázquez-Carriles,
  • Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara

摘要

This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using hexagonal dysprosium manganite (DyMnO3) under visible-light irradiation (405 nm). DyMnO3 was synthesized via precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, revealing a bandgap of 2.5 eV, suitable for visible-light photocatalysis. The photocatalyst achieved 88% dye degradation within 30 min, following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). Scavenger tests identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and holes (h⁺) as primary reactive species responsible for dye degradation. Additionally, immunological assays on fish and human cells demonstrated the biocompatibility of DyMnO3, maintaining cell viability above 89%. These results confirm that hexagonal DyMnO3 is a highly effective visible-light photocatalyst for malachite green degradation, while preserving over 89% cell viability in both piscine and human immune cells. This underscores its suitability for environmentally safe remediation applications, where catalyst biocompatibility is essential to protect aquatic ecosystems.

Graphical abstract