Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hexagonal DyMnO3 for malachite green degradation: From environmental remediation to immunological impact
摘要
This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using hexagonal dysprosium manganite (DyMnO3) under visible-light irradiation (405 nm). DyMnO3 was synthesized via precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, revealing a bandgap of 2.5 eV, suitable for visible-light photocatalysis. The photocatalyst achieved 88% dye degradation within 30 min, following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). Scavenger tests identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and holes (h⁺) as primary reactive species responsible for dye degradation. Additionally, immunological assays on fish and human cells demonstrated the biocompatibility of DyMnO3, maintaining cell viability above 89%. These results confirm that hexagonal DyMnO3 is a highly effective visible-light photocatalyst for malachite green degradation, while preserving over 89% cell viability in both piscine and human immune cells. This underscores its suitability for environmentally safe remediation applications, where catalyst biocompatibility is essential to protect aquatic ecosystems.
Graphical abstract