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<p>The non-equilibrium microstructures of laser-additively manufactured 18Ni300 maraging steel provide exceptional strength but require tailored post-processing to achieve a balanced combination of ductility and toughness. This study systematically optimizes direct aging (DA) parameters to maximize the strength–ductility product (SDP), targeting injection mold applications. It is demonstrated that DA at 530&#xa0;°C for 6 h achieves a peak SDP of 273 GPa·%, surpassing that of conventional laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) aging (520&#xa0;°C/2&#xa0;h) by over 150%. Microstructural analyses reveal that extended aging leads to the thickening of (Mo, Ti)-rich nanoprecipitates, which enhances strength, as well as the formation of 6.8 vol% reverted austenite in a continuous network, which activates TRIP-mediated (transformation-induced plasticity) ductility. This dual mechanism effectively overcomes the traditional strength–ductility trade-off, offering superior mechanical stability for high-stress tooling applications. The study establishes a microstructure-guided direct aging strategy to fully exploit the potential of additively manufactured maraging steels.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced performance of selective laser melted 18Ni300 maraging steel through direct aging treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Yaling Zhang,
  • Xia Chen,
  • Bo Qu,
  • Yao Tao,
  • Wei Zeng,
  • Qiang Chen,
  • Bin Chen

摘要

The non-equilibrium microstructures of laser-additively manufactured 18Ni300 maraging steel provide exceptional strength but require tailored post-processing to achieve a balanced combination of ductility and toughness. This study systematically optimizes direct aging (DA) parameters to maximize the strength–ductility product (SDP), targeting injection mold applications. It is demonstrated that DA at 530 °C for 6 h achieves a peak SDP of 273 GPa·%, surpassing that of conventional laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) aging (520 °C/2 h) by over 150%. Microstructural analyses reveal that extended aging leads to the thickening of (Mo, Ti)-rich nanoprecipitates, which enhances strength, as well as the formation of 6.8 vol% reverted austenite in a continuous network, which activates TRIP-mediated (transformation-induced plasticity) ductility. This dual mechanism effectively overcomes the traditional strength–ductility trade-off, offering superior mechanical stability for high-stress tooling applications. The study establishes a microstructure-guided direct aging strategy to fully exploit the potential of additively manufactured maraging steels.

Graphical abstract