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<p>Calcium silicate (CS) based biocompatible, bioactive, and bioresorbable bone scaffolds were developed for treating critical-sized bone defects using robocasting technology, which is cost-effective and enables 3D printing of viscous slurries/pastes formulations. Despite CS being a highly biocompatible and bioactive material, it lacks structural stability while loading and is also brittle. Thus, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were incorporated into the formulation of MWCNT-CS composite scaffold structures. Microwave sintering of the robocasted pure CS and MWCNT-CS structures was performed at temperatures 1000, 1100, and 1200&#xa0;°C for 5&#xa0;min in the Argon atmosphere to improve its structural stability. In this work, MWCNT is retained successfully which is not possible in a normal sintering condition. The physical (density, shrinkage, and porosity) and mechanical characteristics (compressive strength) of the scaffold structures sintered at various temperatures have been thoroughly investigated and reported in this study, including MWCNT retention by using FESEM analysis and Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that the structures sintered at 1200&#xa0;°C had better results. Also, the <i>in vitro</i> degradation study and biological characterization performed on the CS and MWCNT-CS scaffolds exhibited a slow degradation rate and better biocompatibility which could be suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimization and 3D printing of calcium silicate reinforced with carbon nanotubes and its potential in stem cell proliferation and differentiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月22日

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  • A. Logeshwaran,
  • Umanath Puthillam,
  • Jishita Ravoor,
  • Aayush Bhat,
  • Renold Elsen Selvam,
  • S. Pavithra,
  • Sunita Nayak,
  • Raunak Kumar Das

摘要

Calcium silicate (CS) based biocompatible, bioactive, and bioresorbable bone scaffolds were developed for treating critical-sized bone defects using robocasting technology, which is cost-effective and enables 3D printing of viscous slurries/pastes formulations. Despite CS being a highly biocompatible and bioactive material, it lacks structural stability while loading and is also brittle. Thus, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were incorporated into the formulation of MWCNT-CS composite scaffold structures. Microwave sintering of the robocasted pure CS and MWCNT-CS structures was performed at temperatures 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C for 5 min in the Argon atmosphere to improve its structural stability. In this work, MWCNT is retained successfully which is not possible in a normal sintering condition. The physical (density, shrinkage, and porosity) and mechanical characteristics (compressive strength) of the scaffold structures sintered at various temperatures have been thoroughly investigated and reported in this study, including MWCNT retention by using FESEM analysis and Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that the structures sintered at 1200 °C had better results. Also, the in vitro degradation study and biological characterization performed on the CS and MWCNT-CS scaffolds exhibited a slow degradation rate and better biocompatibility which could be suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Graphical abstract