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<p>Conductive hydrogels have potential applications in wearable strain sensors. However, the diverse operating environments impose higher demands on their conductivity, freeze resistance, mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and adhesion. In this work, glycerol (GL), an antifreeze agent, and polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer, were introduced into a polyacrylic acid sodium (PAAS) hydrogel system. Using a one-pot method, a double-network PAAS/GL/PANI conductive hydrogel was fabricated. The incorporation of GL significantly enhanced the hydrogel’s freeze resistance and moisture retention, allowing it to maintain good flexibility even at −&#xa0;23&#xa0;°C. PANI improved both the electrical conductivity and gauge factor (GF) of the hydrogel. When the PANI content was 7.5 wt%, the PAAS/GL/PANI conductive hydrogel exhibited outstanding antifreeze properties, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, adhesion, self-healing ability, and fatigue resistance. The wearable strain sensor based on the PAAS/GL/PANI (7.5 wt%) conductive hydrogel is able to accurately monitor joint movements and detect subtle physiological signals.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of PAAS/GL/PANI conductive hydrogel with a double-network structure and its application in wearable sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月6日

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  • Kai Wang,
  • Jiankang Hu,
  • Yutong Zhang,
  • Anxin Li,
  • Mingjie Li,
  • Bingying Wu

摘要

Conductive hydrogels have potential applications in wearable strain sensors. However, the diverse operating environments impose higher demands on their conductivity, freeze resistance, mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and adhesion. In this work, glycerol (GL), an antifreeze agent, and polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer, were introduced into a polyacrylic acid sodium (PAAS) hydrogel system. Using a one-pot method, a double-network PAAS/GL/PANI conductive hydrogel was fabricated. The incorporation of GL significantly enhanced the hydrogel’s freeze resistance and moisture retention, allowing it to maintain good flexibility even at − 23 °C. PANI improved both the electrical conductivity and gauge factor (GF) of the hydrogel. When the PANI content was 7.5 wt%, the PAAS/GL/PANI conductive hydrogel exhibited outstanding antifreeze properties, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, adhesion, self-healing ability, and fatigue resistance. The wearable strain sensor based on the PAAS/GL/PANI (7.5 wt%) conductive hydrogel is able to accurately monitor joint movements and detect subtle physiological signals.

Graphical abstract