<p>This article discusses precision nanoscience, a new frontier in material chemistry, where multimodal observation and engineering focus on understanding the intricate details of atomic structures as they evolve, interact, and influence chemical properties and processes. These advancements are crucial for addressing societal challenges in sustainability, energy, and material synthesis while driving technological innovation. Specifically, we cover the emergence of precision nanoscience in nanocrystals, two-dimensional materials, and device integration, as well as the understanding of surfaces and interfaces of these nanoscale systems, some through the recently developed liquid&#xa0;phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM). We present a unified vision for broad access to cutting-edge materials chemistry and nanoscience research, highlight the case studies across diverse material classes utilizing or advancing LPTEM, and identify the critical issues that warrant deeper discussion. In alignment with the Centers for&#xa0;Chemical Innovation by the National Science Foundation, we envision the approach of a Multimodal Observatory for Single Atom Imaging of Chemistry to push for the future development of precision nanoscience.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>