Cutting-edge advances in scalable perovskite photovoltaic devices

Perovskite photovoltaic technology offers huge potential for the solar energy industry with its high efficiency and promising prospects for low-cost production. However, addressing stability, scalability, and environmental concerns is essential for its successful commercialization and widespread adoption in the market. This article summarizes the current progress in upscaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs), describes the structure of PSCs and perovskite solar modules (PSMs), and presents current studies on minimizing the dead area of PSMs. It briefly summarizes the nucleation and crystal-growth mechanisms, as well as the thin-film deposition methods for solution-based and vapor-based deposition. The article provides current attempts at upscaling the layers that comprise PSMs, offering a comprehensive exploration of minimizing efficiency losses in PSMs through scalable, high-quality, and highly uniform thin-film formation.