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Background <p>Livestock farmers being the end users of veterinary drugs, including antimicrobials, play a critical role in contributing to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens throughout the food chain. Thus, the current study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to AMR, antimicrobial usage (AMU) and residues (AR) among livestock farmers in the Langkat Regency of North Sumatra Indonesia.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 149 (cattle = 113, goat = 25, sheep = 11) livestock farmers from five major districts of Langkat Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests, multivariable logistic regression and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests.</p> Results <p>The majority of the livestock farmers were from the Binjai district (37.6%; 95% CI: 29.8–45.9), were educated up to the higher secondary level (73.2%; 95% CI: 65.3–80.1), and slightly more than half (54.4%; 95% CI: 46.0–62.5) had experience in livestock farming (5–15 years). Among livestock farmers, oxytetracycline is a frequently utilized antimicrobial class. Although, approximately (64.4%; 95% CI: 56.2–72.1) of the livestock farmers used antibiotics, only (36.5%; 95% CI: 26.9–46.9) knew that antimicrobials have side effects. About (19.8%; 95% CI: 12.4–29.2), (53.1%; 95% CI: 42.7–63.4) and (19.8%; 95% CI: 12.4–29.2) of the livestock farmers had desirable knowledge, attitudes and practices respectively. Having 3–5 animals (OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.31–33.3, <i>p</i> = 0.022) was associated with higher odds of a desirable knowledge. Similarly, farmers with &gt; 20 herd size (OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.023–0.531, <i>p</i> = 0.006) were less likely to have a poor attitude and farmers located within Selesai district (OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 1.28–105.43, <i>p</i> = 0.029) demonstrated higher odds of a desirable attitude. Positive predictors of desirable practices included district (Kuala vs. Binjai, OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.36–20.17, <i>p</i> = 0.016) and attending training (received training vs. not received, OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.07–25.35, <i>p</i> = 0.041).</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings demonstrate poor knowledge and practices despite good attitudes towards AMR, AMU and AR. This study provides valuable baseline epidemiological insights into gaps related to the KAPs of livestock farmers in Indonesia. We envisage that these findings would be useful to policy makers and relevant stakeholders in designing appropriate training programs and targeted interventions that could help mitigate imprudent antimicrobial usage among Indonesian livestock farmers in North Sumatra.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial resistance, usage and residues among livestock farmers in North Sumatra, Indonesia

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Rita Rosmala Dewi,
  • Juli Mutiara Sihombing,
  • Saleh Mohammed Jajere,
  • Alexander Purba,
  • Ikhwan Ma’arif,
  • Harapin Hafid

摘要

Background

Livestock farmers being the end users of veterinary drugs, including antimicrobials, play a critical role in contributing to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens throughout the food chain. Thus, the current study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to AMR, antimicrobial usage (AMU) and residues (AR) among livestock farmers in the Langkat Regency of North Sumatra Indonesia.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 149 (cattle = 113, goat = 25, sheep = 11) livestock farmers from five major districts of Langkat Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests, multivariable logistic regression and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests.

Results

The majority of the livestock farmers were from the Binjai district (37.6%; 95% CI: 29.8–45.9), were educated up to the higher secondary level (73.2%; 95% CI: 65.3–80.1), and slightly more than half (54.4%; 95% CI: 46.0–62.5) had experience in livestock farming (5–15 years). Among livestock farmers, oxytetracycline is a frequently utilized antimicrobial class. Although, approximately (64.4%; 95% CI: 56.2–72.1) of the livestock farmers used antibiotics, only (36.5%; 95% CI: 26.9–46.9) knew that antimicrobials have side effects. About (19.8%; 95% CI: 12.4–29.2), (53.1%; 95% CI: 42.7–63.4) and (19.8%; 95% CI: 12.4–29.2) of the livestock farmers had desirable knowledge, attitudes and practices respectively. Having 3–5 animals (OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.31–33.3, p = 0.022) was associated with higher odds of a desirable knowledge. Similarly, farmers with > 20 herd size (OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.023–0.531, p = 0.006) were less likely to have a poor attitude and farmers located within Selesai district (OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 1.28–105.43, p = 0.029) demonstrated higher odds of a desirable attitude. Positive predictors of desirable practices included district (Kuala vs. Binjai, OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.36–20.17, p = 0.016) and attending training (received training vs. not received, OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.07–25.35, p = 0.041).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate poor knowledge and practices despite good attitudes towards AMR, AMU and AR. This study provides valuable baseline epidemiological insights into gaps related to the KAPs of livestock farmers in Indonesia. We envisage that these findings would be useful to policy makers and relevant stakeholders in designing appropriate training programs and targeted interventions that could help mitigate imprudent antimicrobial usage among Indonesian livestock farmers in North Sumatra.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.