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Background <p>Mosquito-transmitted diseases such as dengue and chikungunya pose major threats to global public health. Conventional chemical control strategies often lead to resistance and ecological damage, highlighting the need for eco-friendly alternatives. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using <i>Adiantum latifolium</i> leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, and their morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).</p> Results <p>Upon incubation of silver nitrate with <i>A. latifolium</i> leaf extract, the UV–Vis spectrum displayed a maximum absorbance peak at 414 nm, confirming nanoparticles formation and indicating time-dependent growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure with strong peaks with intensity at 2θ values of 72.9°, 131°, 95.2°, and 34.6°, corresponding to Bragg’s reflections (111), (200), (220), and (311). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed characteristic absorption bands at 3300.19, 2050.99, 1636.84, 1370.58, 1287.37, 979.31, and 424.62 cm⁻<sup>1</sup>, suggesting the presence of biomolecules involved in reduction and stabilization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed spherical morphology, validating nanoparticles formation. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant larvicidal efficacy against third instar larvae of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> at concentrations of 50–100 ppm, with LC₅₀ values of 78.972 ppm for <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and 79.769 ppm for <i>A. albopictus</i>, indicating slightly higher effectiveness against <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Additionally, strong antibacterial and antifungal efficacy was observed in both, leaf extract as well as leaf extract + AgNPs. Hemolysis assays on human erythrocytes revealed no significant cytotoxicity, even at the highest concentration tested, confirming biocompatibility.</p> Conclusion <p>The study demonstrates that <i>A. latifolium</i>-AgNPs are an effective, eco- friendly larvicide and antimicrobial agent. Their green synthesis offers a safer and sustainable alternative to chemically produced nanoparticles, with potential applications in vector control and biomedical fields while minimizing environmental impact.</p>

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Biogenic synthesis of Adiantum latifolium-coated silver nanoparticles: biophysical characterization, antimicrobial efficacy, larvicidal activity and biotoxicity assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Lekshmi R,
  • Adhira M. Nayar,
  • Pradeep Kumar R,
  • Gopika J

摘要

Background

Mosquito-transmitted diseases such as dengue and chikungunya pose major threats to global public health. Conventional chemical control strategies often lead to resistance and ecological damage, highlighting the need for eco-friendly alternatives. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Adiantum latifolium leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, and their morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results

Upon incubation of silver nitrate with A. latifolium leaf extract, the UV–Vis spectrum displayed a maximum absorbance peak at 414 nm, confirming nanoparticles formation and indicating time-dependent growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure with strong peaks with intensity at 2θ values of 72.9°, 131°, 95.2°, and 34.6°, corresponding to Bragg’s reflections (111), (200), (220), and (311). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed characteristic absorption bands at 3300.19, 2050.99, 1636.84, 1370.58, 1287.37, 979.31, and 424.62 cm⁻1, suggesting the presence of biomolecules involved in reduction and stabilization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed spherical morphology, validating nanoparticles formation. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant larvicidal efficacy against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus at concentrations of 50–100 ppm, with LC₅₀ values of 78.972 ppm for Ae. aegypti and 79.769 ppm for A. albopictus, indicating slightly higher effectiveness against Ae. albopictus. Additionally, strong antibacterial and antifungal efficacy was observed in both, leaf extract as well as leaf extract + AgNPs. Hemolysis assays on human erythrocytes revealed no significant cytotoxicity, even at the highest concentration tested, confirming biocompatibility.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that A. latifolium-AgNPs are an effective, eco- friendly larvicide and antimicrobial agent. Their green synthesis offers a safer and sustainable alternative to chemically produced nanoparticles, with potential applications in vector control and biomedical fields while minimizing environmental impact.