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<p>The leather industry in India contributes significantly to water pollution through the discharge of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]. Conventional Cr (VI) removal techniques are costly and environmentally unsustainable. This study presents an eco-friendly approach of Cr (VI) remediation from tannery wastewater using rice hull biochar (RHB). This study demonstrates the efficacy of RHB as a sustainable biosorbent for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] removal from tannery effluent. Under optimized conditions—pH 4, biosorbent dosage of 0.8&#xa0;g/L, and contact time of 120&#xa0;min, RHB achieved 91% Cr (VI) removal efficiency with a maximum adsorption capacity of 10.54&#xa0;mg/g. Characterization studies revealed that RHB has a specific surface area of 81.80&#xa0;m²/g, an average pore size of 3.32&#xa0;nm, and a Type IV isotherm with H4 hysteresis loop, confirming its mixed microporous-mesoporous structure suitable for heavy metal adsorption. FTIR analysis identified key functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, and carbonyl) responsible for chromium binding, while SEM-EDS confirmed the heterogeneous porous morphology. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² &gt; 0.98), indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Intraparticle diffusion modelling revealed a two-stage adsorption process involving boundary layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. Isotherm studies showed excellent fits to both Langmuir (R² = 0.95) and Freundlich (R² = 0.96) models, with Freundlich parameters (Kₗ = 4.040, 1/<i>n</i> = 1.133) suggesting favourable multilayer adsorption. The study evaluated the phytotoxicity of treated effluent through <i>Cicer arietinum</i> seed germination trials. Seed germination trials demonstrated that treated effluent at a 1:4 dilution ratio (20% effluent, 80% biochar residue) significantly enhanced root length, shoot length, leaf number, nodule formation, and fresh/dry biomass compared to controls. It confirmed the detoxification of chromium and suitability for agricultural reuse. These findings establish RHB as a cost-effective, eco-friendly biosorbent that transforms agricultural waste into a valuable resource for industrial wastewater treatment, supporting circular economy principles and Sustainable Development Goals through water recycling and agricultural applications.</p>

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A green approach for remediation of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] from tannery effluent using rice hull biochar and assessing its impact on germination of Cicer arietinum (Chickpea)

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Smriti Yadav,
  • Nikita Kundu,
  • Ananya Bhattacharya,
  • Palak Khinvasara,
  • G. K. Aseri,
  • Neelam Jain

摘要

The leather industry in India contributes significantly to water pollution through the discharge of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]. Conventional Cr (VI) removal techniques are costly and environmentally unsustainable. This study presents an eco-friendly approach of Cr (VI) remediation from tannery wastewater using rice hull biochar (RHB). This study demonstrates the efficacy of RHB as a sustainable biosorbent for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] removal from tannery effluent. Under optimized conditions—pH 4, biosorbent dosage of 0.8 g/L, and contact time of 120 min, RHB achieved 91% Cr (VI) removal efficiency with a maximum adsorption capacity of 10.54 mg/g. Characterization studies revealed that RHB has a specific surface area of 81.80 m²/g, an average pore size of 3.32 nm, and a Type IV isotherm with H4 hysteresis loop, confirming its mixed microporous-mesoporous structure suitable for heavy metal adsorption. FTIR analysis identified key functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, and carbonyl) responsible for chromium binding, while SEM-EDS confirmed the heterogeneous porous morphology. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² > 0.98), indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Intraparticle diffusion modelling revealed a two-stage adsorption process involving boundary layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. Isotherm studies showed excellent fits to both Langmuir (R² = 0.95) and Freundlich (R² = 0.96) models, with Freundlich parameters (Kₗ = 4.040, 1/n = 1.133) suggesting favourable multilayer adsorption. The study evaluated the phytotoxicity of treated effluent through Cicer arietinum seed germination trials. Seed germination trials demonstrated that treated effluent at a 1:4 dilution ratio (20% effluent, 80% biochar residue) significantly enhanced root length, shoot length, leaf number, nodule formation, and fresh/dry biomass compared to controls. It confirmed the detoxification of chromium and suitability for agricultural reuse. These findings establish RHB as a cost-effective, eco-friendly biosorbent that transforms agricultural waste into a valuable resource for industrial wastewater treatment, supporting circular economy principles and Sustainable Development Goals through water recycling and agricultural applications.