<p>Astaxanthin has attracted considerable interest due to its potent antioxidant properties. <i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i>, a unicellular green microalga, is considered the primary natural producer of this valuable carotenoid. However, the commercial production of astaxanthin from <i>H. pluvialis</i> is hampered by inherent challenges, including slow growth rates and a prolonged maturation period. This review first outlines the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin in <i>H. pluvialis</i> and discusses the role of systems biology in elucidating its synthesis mechanisms. We then critical analyze current and emerging strategies for constructing high-yielding astaxanthin strains, employing a refined framework that encompasses non-rational, semi-rational and rational approaches. we evaluate the comparative effectiveness, limitations and scalability of these strategies. Furthermore, the review explores the transformative potential of integrating artificial intelligence technologies with muti-omics for target discovery and cultivation optimization. Finally, we address the key translational challenges in scaling up production and offer a comprehensive perspective against alternative astaxanthin platforms. This work aims to offer a comprehensive and forward-looking reference that bridges fundamental research with industrial application, supplying both theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing astaxanthin bioproduction in <i>H. pluvialis</i>.</p>