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<p>Natural bioactive compounds derived from mangroves are increasingly investigated as potential immunostimulants in aquaculture; however, their immunomodulatory efficacy and possible toxicological effects require systematic evaluation. This study assessed the impact of <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Grey Mangrove) leaf ethanolic extract on interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression and gill histopathology in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). Sixty healthy adult zebrafish were randomly allocated into four groups (<i>n</i> = 15 per group): control (0&#xa0;mg/L) and three treatment groups exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0&#xa0;mg/L of extract for 7 days. Following exposure, the gill tissues were subjected to histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the relative IL-10 mRNA expression was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene expression analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent modulation of IL-10. Compared to the control (1.0-fold), expression decreased slightly at 0.5&#xa0;mg/L (0.7-fold), while significant upregulation was observed at 1.0&#xa0;mg/L (2.0-fold) and 2.0&#xa0;mg/L (3.4-fold) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Histological evaluation revealed structural alterations in gill tissues of treated groups, including epithelial lifting and lamellar fusion, with more pronounced lesions at higher concentrations. Overall, <i>A. marina</i> leaf ethanolic extract enhances anti-inflammatory immune responses in zebrafish by upregulating IL-10 at moderate to high concentrations; however, elevated doses may induce gill tissue damage. These findings highlight the need for careful dose optimization before application of mangrove-derived bioactive compounds in aquaculture.</p>

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Histopathological evaluation and gene expression of IL-10 in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills exposed to Avicennia marina (Grey Mangrove) leaf ethanolic extract

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Darshine Thirukkumaran,
  • Krishnamoorthy Santhosh,
  • Dhanraj Ganapathy,
  • Pitchiah Sivaperumal

摘要

Natural bioactive compounds derived from mangroves are increasingly investigated as potential immunostimulants in aquaculture; however, their immunomodulatory efficacy and possible toxicological effects require systematic evaluation. This study assessed the impact of Avicennia marina (Grey Mangrove) leaf ethanolic extract on interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression and gill histopathology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sixty healthy adult zebrafish were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 15 per group): control (0 mg/L) and three treatment groups exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L of extract for 7 days. Following exposure, the gill tissues were subjected to histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the relative IL-10 mRNA expression was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene expression analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent modulation of IL-10. Compared to the control (1.0-fold), expression decreased slightly at 0.5 mg/L (0.7-fold), while significant upregulation was observed at 1.0 mg/L (2.0-fold) and 2.0 mg/L (3.4-fold) (P < 0.05). Histological evaluation revealed structural alterations in gill tissues of treated groups, including epithelial lifting and lamellar fusion, with more pronounced lesions at higher concentrations. Overall, A. marina leaf ethanolic extract enhances anti-inflammatory immune responses in zebrafish by upregulating IL-10 at moderate to high concentrations; however, elevated doses may induce gill tissue damage. These findings highlight the need for careful dose optimization before application of mangrove-derived bioactive compounds in aquaculture.