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<p>This study investigates the structural modification of Philippine natural zeolite and its application as a diesel engine intake filtration material for emission mitigation. Philippine natural zeolite (PNZ) was modified through aluminum incorporation to produce aluminum-modified zeolite (Al-PNZ), and its physicochemical properties were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. Morphological analysis revealed a transition from a compact granular structure in PNZ to a layered plate-like configuration in Al-PNZ, indicating improved pore accessibility and surface exposure. Elemental analysis confirmed successful aluminum incorporation, increasing aluminum content from 5.67% to 17.16% while reducing the Si/Al ratio from approximately 4.85 to 1.16, which generated additional Brønsted acid sites capable of enhancing catalytic activity. BET analysis showed that the specific surface area decreased from 53.244 to 28.181&#xa0;m² g⁻¹ after modification, while the average pore diameter increased from 3.6041 to 5.0323&#xa0;nm, suggesting pore restructuring and improved mass-transfer pathways. Thermal analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and lower moisture retention, with total mass loss decreasing from approximately 16% in PNZ to 10% in Al-PNZ. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed preservation of the zeolite crystalline framework after modification with only slight peak broadening and lattice expansion. Engine performance and emission characteristics were evaluated using PNZ and Al-PNZ intake filters under varying engine speeds and filter amounts. Statistical analysis showed that engine speed significantly influenced brake thermal efficiency (F = 26.7288, <i>p</i> = 0.0013), while filter type and filter amount did not significantly affect engine performance. Emission analysis revealed that filter type strongly influenced PM₂.₅ reduction, with Al-PNZ exhibiting substantially lower particulate emissions (F = 920.3560, <i>p</i> = 7.3008 × 10⁻⁷). Carbon dioxide emission was significantly governed by filter composition and engine speed, with the regression model exhibiting an F-value of 3.8271 × 10⁴. Total volatile organic compound removal was strongly affected by filter amount (F = 30.0847, <i>p</i> = 0.0027), whereas nitrogen oxide reduction was primarily controlled by engine speed (F = 579.5143, <i>p</i> = 6.6783 × 10⁻⁷) and filter type (F = 281.3466, <i>p</i> = 1.3766 × 10⁻⁵), with Al-PNZ consistently demonstrating lower NOₓ emissions. These findings demonstrate that aluminum-modified Philippine natural zeolite possesses favorable structural, catalytic, and thermal properties for diesel engine air filtration and offers strong potential as a sustainable and effective filtration medium for reducing multiple engine emissions while maintaining stable engine performance.</p><p><b>Tweetable abstract</b></p><p>Philippine natural zeolite modified with Al shows improved structure, catalytic activity, and thermal stability. As a diesel intake filter, it reduces PM2.5, CO₂, VOCs, and NOₓ without affecting brake thermal efficiency, demonstrating strong potential for sustainable engine emission control. </p>

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Aluminum-impregnated Philippine Natural Zeolite (Al-PNZ) as an intake filter in a diesel engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Lanvin Philippe P. Morco,
  • Arwin EJ A. Luna ,
  • Carlos Konrad T. Ordoñez,
  • Laurence Eldon M. Avenilla,
  • Miguel O. Benedict,
  • Von Gerel L. Vergara,
  • Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

摘要

This study investigates the structural modification of Philippine natural zeolite and its application as a diesel engine intake filtration material for emission mitigation. Philippine natural zeolite (PNZ) was modified through aluminum incorporation to produce aluminum-modified zeolite (Al-PNZ), and its physicochemical properties were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. Morphological analysis revealed a transition from a compact granular structure in PNZ to a layered plate-like configuration in Al-PNZ, indicating improved pore accessibility and surface exposure. Elemental analysis confirmed successful aluminum incorporation, increasing aluminum content from 5.67% to 17.16% while reducing the Si/Al ratio from approximately 4.85 to 1.16, which generated additional Brønsted acid sites capable of enhancing catalytic activity. BET analysis showed that the specific surface area decreased from 53.244 to 28.181 m² g⁻¹ after modification, while the average pore diameter increased from 3.6041 to 5.0323 nm, suggesting pore restructuring and improved mass-transfer pathways. Thermal analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and lower moisture retention, with total mass loss decreasing from approximately 16% in PNZ to 10% in Al-PNZ. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed preservation of the zeolite crystalline framework after modification with only slight peak broadening and lattice expansion. Engine performance and emission characteristics were evaluated using PNZ and Al-PNZ intake filters under varying engine speeds and filter amounts. Statistical analysis showed that engine speed significantly influenced brake thermal efficiency (F = 26.7288, p = 0.0013), while filter type and filter amount did not significantly affect engine performance. Emission analysis revealed that filter type strongly influenced PM₂.₅ reduction, with Al-PNZ exhibiting substantially lower particulate emissions (F = 920.3560, p = 7.3008 × 10⁻⁷). Carbon dioxide emission was significantly governed by filter composition and engine speed, with the regression model exhibiting an F-value of 3.8271 × 10⁴. Total volatile organic compound removal was strongly affected by filter amount (F = 30.0847, p = 0.0027), whereas nitrogen oxide reduction was primarily controlled by engine speed (F = 579.5143, p = 6.6783 × 10⁻⁷) and filter type (F = 281.3466, p = 1.3766 × 10⁻⁵), with Al-PNZ consistently demonstrating lower NOₓ emissions. These findings demonstrate that aluminum-modified Philippine natural zeolite possesses favorable structural, catalytic, and thermal properties for diesel engine air filtration and offers strong potential as a sustainable and effective filtration medium for reducing multiple engine emissions while maintaining stable engine performance.

Tweetable abstract

Philippine natural zeolite modified with Al shows improved structure, catalytic activity, and thermal stability. As a diesel intake filter, it reduces PM2.5, CO₂, VOCs, and NOₓ without affecting brake thermal efficiency, demonstrating strong potential for sustainable engine emission control.