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<p>Cement-treated sand replacement layers can enhance the settlement-controlled performance of shallow foundations on loose sand; however, the coupled effects of finite treatment geometry and curing-induced hardening on serviceability response have not been fully quantified. This study presents a systematic laboratory model-testing program on a rigid 60 × 60&#xa0;mm square footing resting on a cemented sand layer overlying loose sand. The experimental variables included cement content (3–9%), improvement depth ratio (D/B = 0.5–2.0), improvement width ratio (W/B = 2.0–5.0), and curing period (3–28&#xa0;days). To isolate the mechanical contribution of densification from chemical bonding, a control series of mechanically compacted sand layers (Dr​ = 95%) without cement was also tested. For the untreated loose sand, the bearing pressure at the serviceability settlement criterion s/B = 10% was established as the baseline (q10​ = 19.2&#xa0;kPa). Mechanical densification increased q10​ up to 171.7&#xa0;kPa at D/B = 2.0, whereas a thinner cemented layer (D/B = 1.0) with 3% cement surpassed this capacity. Increasing W/B enhanced load transfer and altered the observed failure mechanism from localized punching toward a slab-like response; at 9% cement and W/B = 5.0, q10​ reached 967.4&#xa0;kPa. At high cementation and large W/B, the response became stiffer with reduced ductility, indicating a trade-off between capacity and brittle behavior. These findings provide design-oriented insight for selecting finite layer geometry to satisfy a settlement-based criterion (s/B = 10%) within the limitations of model-scale testing, and future numerical verification is recommended to further interpret stress distribution and failure mechanisms.</p>

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Improvement of bearing capacity of shallow foundations with cemented sand as replacement layer

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Ali J. Mutar,
  • Mohammed K. Hatem

摘要

Cement-treated sand replacement layers can enhance the settlement-controlled performance of shallow foundations on loose sand; however, the coupled effects of finite treatment geometry and curing-induced hardening on serviceability response have not been fully quantified. This study presents a systematic laboratory model-testing program on a rigid 60 × 60 mm square footing resting on a cemented sand layer overlying loose sand. The experimental variables included cement content (3–9%), improvement depth ratio (D/B = 0.5–2.0), improvement width ratio (W/B = 2.0–5.0), and curing period (3–28 days). To isolate the mechanical contribution of densification from chemical bonding, a control series of mechanically compacted sand layers (Dr​ = 95%) without cement was also tested. For the untreated loose sand, the bearing pressure at the serviceability settlement criterion s/B = 10% was established as the baseline (q10​ = 19.2 kPa). Mechanical densification increased q10​ up to 171.7 kPa at D/B = 2.0, whereas a thinner cemented layer (D/B = 1.0) with 3% cement surpassed this capacity. Increasing W/B enhanced load transfer and altered the observed failure mechanism from localized punching toward a slab-like response; at 9% cement and W/B = 5.0, q10​ reached 967.4 kPa. At high cementation and large W/B, the response became stiffer with reduced ductility, indicating a trade-off between capacity and brittle behavior. These findings provide design-oriented insight for selecting finite layer geometry to satisfy a settlement-based criterion (s/B = 10%) within the limitations of model-scale testing, and future numerical verification is recommended to further interpret stress distribution and failure mechanisms.