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<p>This study investigates four types of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based pH sensing electrodes (SEs): TiO<sub>2</sub> (spin coating), TiO<sub>2</sub> (electrospray), TiO<sub>2</sub>-PANI (spin coating) and TiO<sub>2</sub>-PANI (electrospray). The electrodes were fabricated using a simple sol–gel process and evaluated through surface morphology, contact angle, and Nernstian response measurements using an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) configuration. Among the four, the electrospray TiO<sub>2</sub>-PANI SE demonstrated superior performance, attributed to its distinctive rough nanostructured surface observed through digital microscopy, FESEM and SEM. This morphology increased the effective surface area, promoting efficient hydrogen ion interaction. Additionally, the formation of a superhydrophobic membrane with a contact angle exceeding 150° improved surface reliability and promoted strong adhesion of the deposited layer on the ITO substrate. Consequently, the electrospray TiO<sub>2</sub>-PANI SE achieved near-Nernstian sensitivity (57.32 mV/pH, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999) across a wide pH range (2–12), rapid response times (1–2&#xa0;s) and a low hysteresis voltage of 37 mV. Reproducibility and repeatability analyses further confirmed its superior reliability compared to other SEs. These findings demonstrate that electrospray deposition offers a robust and efficient route for producing high-performance TiO<sub>2</sub>-PANI pH sensors with enhanced stability and sensitivity.</p>

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Electrospray-deposited TiO2-PANI electrode with superhydrophobic nanostructure for high-performance pH sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Aina Syakirah Mohd Masri,
  • Muhammad Alhadi Zulkefle,
  • Nur Syahirah Kamarozaman,
  • Nurbaya Zainal,
  • Zurita Zulkifli,
  • Sukreen Hana Herman

摘要

This study investigates four types of TiO2-based pH sensing electrodes (SEs): TiO2 (spin coating), TiO2 (electrospray), TiO2-PANI (spin coating) and TiO2-PANI (electrospray). The electrodes were fabricated using a simple sol–gel process and evaluated through surface morphology, contact angle, and Nernstian response measurements using an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) configuration. Among the four, the electrospray TiO2-PANI SE demonstrated superior performance, attributed to its distinctive rough nanostructured surface observed through digital microscopy, FESEM and SEM. This morphology increased the effective surface area, promoting efficient hydrogen ion interaction. Additionally, the formation of a superhydrophobic membrane with a contact angle exceeding 150° improved surface reliability and promoted strong adhesion of the deposited layer on the ITO substrate. Consequently, the electrospray TiO2-PANI SE achieved near-Nernstian sensitivity (57.32 mV/pH, R2 = 0.999) across a wide pH range (2–12), rapid response times (1–2 s) and a low hysteresis voltage of 37 mV. Reproducibility and repeatability analyses further confirmed its superior reliability compared to other SEs. These findings demonstrate that electrospray deposition offers a robust and efficient route for producing high-performance TiO2-PANI pH sensors with enhanced stability and sensitivity.