Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids: properties, biosynthesis, regulation and genetic manipulation

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), predominantly comprising α-solanine (C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₅) and α-chaconine (C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₄), function as natural phytotoxins within potatoes. In addition to their other roles, these SGAs are crucial for enabling potato plants to withstand biotic stresses. However, they also exhibit toxicity towards humans and animals. Consequently, the content and distribution of SGAs are crucial traits for the genetic improvement of potatoes. This review focuses on advancing research related to the biochemical properties, biosynthesis, regulatory mechanisms, and genetic improvement of potato SGAs. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on future research directions to further enhance our understanding of SGA biosynthesis and regulation, ultimately facilitating the targeted development of superior potato varieties.