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<p>Central obesity, dysglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia are key cardiometabolic risk factors that collectively increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These factors are collectively referred to as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Its prevalence has reached pandemic levels worldwide, mirroring trends in sedentary lifestyles and obesity, and has become a major public health concern. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on MetS, including its complex multifactorial pathogenesis, evolving diagnostic criteria, and broad clinical consequences. The central roles of insulin resistance and dysfunctional visceral adipose tissue are explored, with emphasis on the interplay among oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and hormonal dysregulation. Evidence-based management strategies are reviewed, ranging from lifestyle modification to advanced pharmacologic therapies and metabolic surgery. Emerging concepts—including the roles of gut microbiota, circadian rhythm disruption, and novel therapeutic targets—are also discussed. Early diagnosis, individualized risk stratification, and a multisystem management approach are emphasized as essential to reducing the growing burden of MetS-related morbidity and mortality.</p>

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Metabolic syndrome: an extensive analysis of pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Hadir Farouk

摘要

Central obesity, dysglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia are key cardiometabolic risk factors that collectively increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These factors are collectively referred to as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Its prevalence has reached pandemic levels worldwide, mirroring trends in sedentary lifestyles and obesity, and has become a major public health concern. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on MetS, including its complex multifactorial pathogenesis, evolving diagnostic criteria, and broad clinical consequences. The central roles of insulin resistance and dysfunctional visceral adipose tissue are explored, with emphasis on the interplay among oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and hormonal dysregulation. Evidence-based management strategies are reviewed, ranging from lifestyle modification to advanced pharmacologic therapies and metabolic surgery. Emerging concepts—including the roles of gut microbiota, circadian rhythm disruption, and novel therapeutic targets—are also discussed. Early diagnosis, individualized risk stratification, and a multisystem management approach are emphasized as essential to reducing the growing burden of MetS-related morbidity and mortality.