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<p>Hole transport layer-free printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) employing carbon electrodes offer cost-effective fabrication but face efficiency limitations due to suboptimal charge transport in the TiO<sub>2</sub>-based mesoporous electron transport layer (mp-ETL). Here, we develop a TiO<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> bilayer mp-ETL for p-MPSCs and obtain encouraging performance enhancement. By performing tailored chemical bath deposition of the preformed triple mesoporous scaffold of TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL/ZrO<sub>2</sub> spacer/carbon electrode rather than the mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> alone, the conformal SnO<sub>2</sub> coating is formed without experiencing high-temperature annealing suffering, thus circumventing associated electronic property degradation. This approach enables selective conformal SnO<sub>2</sub> deposition exclusively on mp-TiO<sub>2</sub>, preventing the formation of undesired current leakage pathway in the spacer. Notably, intentional SnO<sub>2</sub> incorporation in the carbon electrode shows no detrimental effects. The conformal SnO<sub>2</sub> coating successfully improves interfacial energy alignment, suppresses non-radiative recombination, and boosts electron transport. The resulting TiO<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> p-MPSCs achieve a well improved champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.5%. The bilayer mp-ETL also demonstrates scalability with 18.8% PCE achieved in 57.33-cm<sup>2</sup> minimodules. Furthermore, encapsulated devices exhibit good operational stability, with 90% efficiency retained after 2000-h maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination at 55 ± 5&#xa0;°C. This work establishes a practical mp-ETL for high-performance printable perovskite photovoltaics.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>A bilayer mp-ETL of TiO<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> is developed via low-temperature processing for hole-conductor-free, carbon-based fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, thereby enabling a PCE of 22.5% and 18.8% for 0.1-cm<sup>2</sup> and 57.33-cm<sup>2</sup> devices.</p> <p></p>

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Low-temperature conformal SnO2 coating enables efficient printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with industrial scalability

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Kai Chen,
  • Jiale Liu,
  • Yongming Ma,
  • Yanjie Cheng,
  • Jianhang Qi,
  • Yuan Shi,
  • Dang Xu,
  • Song Shen,
  • Junwei Xiang,
  • Qiaojiao Gao,
  • Yang Zhou,
  • Anyi Mei,
  • Hongwei Han

摘要

Hole transport layer-free printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) employing carbon electrodes offer cost-effective fabrication but face efficiency limitations due to suboptimal charge transport in the TiO2-based mesoporous electron transport layer (mp-ETL). Here, we develop a TiO2@SnO2 bilayer mp-ETL for p-MPSCs and obtain encouraging performance enhancement. By performing tailored chemical bath deposition of the preformed triple mesoporous scaffold of TiO2 ETL/ZrO2 spacer/carbon electrode rather than the mp-TiO2 alone, the conformal SnO2 coating is formed without experiencing high-temperature annealing suffering, thus circumventing associated electronic property degradation. This approach enables selective conformal SnO2 deposition exclusively on mp-TiO2, preventing the formation of undesired current leakage pathway in the spacer. Notably, intentional SnO2 incorporation in the carbon electrode shows no detrimental effects. The conformal SnO2 coating successfully improves interfacial energy alignment, suppresses non-radiative recombination, and boosts electron transport. The resulting TiO2@SnO2 p-MPSCs achieve a well improved champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.5%. The bilayer mp-ETL also demonstrates scalability with 18.8% PCE achieved in 57.33-cm2 minimodules. Furthermore, encapsulated devices exhibit good operational stability, with 90% efficiency retained after 2000-h maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination at 55 ± 5 °C. This work establishes a practical mp-ETL for high-performance printable perovskite photovoltaics.

Graphical Abstract

A bilayer mp-ETL of TiO2@SnO2 is developed via low-temperature processing for hole-conductor-free, carbon-based fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, thereby enabling a PCE of 22.5% and 18.8% for 0.1-cm2 and 57.33-cm2 devices.