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<p>Exploring the ocean’s vast, water-related environment, covering over 70% of Earth’s surface, remains a formidable challenge due to photon starvation, high-pressure extremes, and complex light-scattering effects below the photic zone. Optical imaging technologies have emerged as transformative tools for full ocean depth exploration, overcoming limitations of traditional acoustic methods through high-resolution, spectrally rich, and temporally precise observations. This review systematically surveys the physical principles, engineering constraints, and state-of-the-art developments in optical imaging from surface waters to the Mariana Trench. We analyze the role of blue-green pulsed lasers in improving imaging quality. We highlight key factors affecting light propagation in seawater. Advanced imaging modalities such as polarized imaging, range-gated imaging, single-photon imaging, streak camera techniques, and ghost imaging (GI) are examined for their capabilities to enhance visibility, resolution, and resilience in turbid, light-limited conditions. Furthermore, we introduce the progress achieved by deep-sea submersibles and their high-performance camera payloads is highlighted, alongside the burgeoning integration of artificial-intelligence-driven image enhancement and restoration frameworks. Collectively, these interdisciplinary innovations chart a new path for unlocking deep-sea frontiers, enabling ecological monitoring, resource mapping, and autonomous guidance in earth’s most inaccessible water-related realms.</p>

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Extreme-depth water-related optical imaging: conquering ultra-low illumination environments from epipelagic zone to Mariana Trench

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Zhe Sun,
  • Tong Tian,
  • Haofeng Hu,
  • Yan He,
  • Mingjia Shangguan,
  • Tao Yu,
  • Qingsong Yang,
  • Mingliang Chen,
  • Xinwei Wang,
  • Yifan Chen,
  • Kanzhong Yao,
  • Ye Zheng,
  • Ye Qian,
  • Mingyu Dou,
  • Jinghan Xu,
  • Qiang Li,
  • Guojun Wu,
  • Xuelong Li

摘要

Exploring the ocean’s vast, water-related environment, covering over 70% of Earth’s surface, remains a formidable challenge due to photon starvation, high-pressure extremes, and complex light-scattering effects below the photic zone. Optical imaging technologies have emerged as transformative tools for full ocean depth exploration, overcoming limitations of traditional acoustic methods through high-resolution, spectrally rich, and temporally precise observations. This review systematically surveys the physical principles, engineering constraints, and state-of-the-art developments in optical imaging from surface waters to the Mariana Trench. We analyze the role of blue-green pulsed lasers in improving imaging quality. We highlight key factors affecting light propagation in seawater. Advanced imaging modalities such as polarized imaging, range-gated imaging, single-photon imaging, streak camera techniques, and ghost imaging (GI) are examined for their capabilities to enhance visibility, resolution, and resilience in turbid, light-limited conditions. Furthermore, we introduce the progress achieved by deep-sea submersibles and their high-performance camera payloads is highlighted, alongside the burgeoning integration of artificial-intelligence-driven image enhancement and restoration frameworks. Collectively, these interdisciplinary innovations chart a new path for unlocking deep-sea frontiers, enabling ecological monitoring, resource mapping, and autonomous guidance in earth’s most inaccessible water-related realms.